An adverbial
clause is a dependent clause that
functions as an adverb.
In other words, it contains a subject (explicit
or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb.
§ I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit
subject I)
§ He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied
subject he)
According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph
Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In these functions they are
like adverbial phrases, but due to their
potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum and Quirk,1990):
§ We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause)
§ We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial
prepositional phrase)
Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases,
which do not contain a clause.
§ I like to fly kites for fun.
Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives
or other adverbs. For example:
§ Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to
leave the platform.
The adverbial clause in this sentence is
"when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the
trigger word (subordinate conjunction) "when".
Kinds
Of Adverbial Clauses
|
Kind Of
Clause
|
Common
Conjunctions
|
Function
|
Example
|
|
time clauses
|
when, before,
after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that
answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.
|
These clauses
are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to
another event.
|
Her goldfish
died when she was young.
|
|
conditional
clauses
|
if, unless,
lest
|
These clauses
are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its
consequences.
|
If they lose
weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
|
|
purpose
clauses
|
in order to,
so that, in order that
|
These clauses
are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
|
They had to
take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
|
|
reason
clauses
|
because,
since, as, given
|
These clauses
are used to indicate the reason for something.
|
I couldn't
feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
|
|
result
clauses
|
so...that
|
These clauses
are used to indicate the result of something.
|
My suitcase
had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay
closed.
|
|
concessive
clauses
|
although,
though, while
|
These clauses
are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or
makes it seem surprising.
|
I used to
read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.
|
|
place clauses
|
where,
wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question
"where?")
|
These clauses
are used to talk about the location or position of something.
|
He said he
was happy where he was.
|
|
clauses of
manner
|
as, like, the
way
|
These clauses
are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
|
I was never
allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.
|
Direct
And Indirect Speech
Direct Speech / Quoted
Speech
Saying exactly
what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person
says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for
word.
Example:
v She said, "Today's lesson is on
presentations."
or
v "Today's lesson is on
presentations," she said
Indirect Speech / Reported
Speech
Indirect speech
(sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what
the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting
speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech,
we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person
who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be
in the past too.
Example:
|
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
|
He said he was going to the cinema.
|
Tense Change
As a rule when you
report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left
changes to the tense on the right):
|
Direct speech
|
|
Indirect speech
|
|
Present
simple
She said,
"It's cold."
|
›
|
Past
simple
She said it
was cold.
|
|
Present
continuous
She said,
"I'm teaching English online."
|
›
|
Past
continuous
She said she
was teaching English online.
|
|
Present
perfect simple
She said,
"I've been on the web since 1999."
|
›
|
Past
perfect simple
She said she
had been on the web since 1999.
|
|
Present
perfect continuous
She said,
"I've been teaching English for seven years."
|
›
|
Past
perfect continuous
She said she
had been teaching English for seven years.
|
|
Past
simple
She said,
"I taught online yesterday."
|
›
|
Past
perfect
She said she
had taught online yesterday.
|
|
Past
continuous
She said,
"I was teaching earlier."
|
›
|
Past
perfect continuous
She said she
had been teaching earlier.
|
|
Past
perfect
She said,
"The lesson had already started when he arrived."
|
›
|
Past
perfect
NO CHANGE -
She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
|
|
Past
perfect continuous
She said,
"I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
|
›
|
Past
perfect continuous
NO CHANGE -
She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
|
.
Exercise I :
1. When, before, after, since, while, as, as
long as, until,till, etc including to kind of clause…..
2. In order to, so that, in order that
including to kind of clause…..
3.
Although,
though, while including to kind of clause…..
Exercise
II :
Make the direct speech to indirect speech,
and indirect speech to direct speech!!!
|
No.
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
1
|
………………………………………….
|
She asked me
how long I’d worked here
|
|
2
|
“ I teach
English online “
|
……………………………………………...
|
|
3
|
……………………………………….....
………………………………………….
|
She sid next
week’s lesson is on reported speech
|
|
4
|
“ I might go
to the cinema “
|
……………………………………………...
|
|
5
|
………………………………………….
|
He said his
name is Kyuhyun Cho
|
Source :